![]() T1D has a largely heritable element, supported by a twin concordance rate of up to 70% and of 8–10% sibling risk. This worrying growth in T1D incidence has driven concerted research efforts to better understand the underlying risk factors, etiology, and pathology of the disease. In particular, the incidence of childhood T1D is increasing, most rapidly in populations that previously had low incidence, and varying by ethnicity and race. The incidence of T1D has been rising globally since the 1950s, with an average annual increase of 3–4% over the past three decades. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a potentially life-threatening multifactorial autoimmune disorder characterized by T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in a deficiency of insulin synthesis and secretion. Here we review the recent initiatives in the field of personalized medicine for type 1 diabetes, including the latest discoveries in stem cell and gene therapy for the disease, and current obstacles that must be overcome before the dream of personalized medicine for all type 1 diabetes patients can be realized. Alongside this, breakthroughs in stem cell therapies hold great promise for the regeneration of pancreatic tissues in some individuals. In the case of type 1 diabetes, great efforts are now being focused on risk stratification for diabetes development to enable pre-clinical detection, and the application of treatments such as gene therapy, to prevent pancreatic destruction in a sub-set of patients. ![]() With advances in our understanding of early-stage diabetes development, diabetes stratification, and the role of genetics, type 1 diabetes is a promising candidate for a personalized medicine approach, which aims to apply “the right therapy at the right time, to the right patient”. ![]() At present, the “one-size-fits-all” treatment for type 1 diabetes is exogenic insulin substitution therapy, but this approach fails to achieve optimal blood glucose control in many individuals. The type 1 diabetes patient cohort is highly heterogeneous, with individuals presenting with disease at different stages and severities, arising from distinct etiologies, and overlaying varied genetic backgrounds. Type 1 diabetes affects millions of people globally and requires careful management to avoid serious long-term complications, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, and loss of sight. ![]()
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